![]() While chain-mail was prevalent at the beginning of the 14th century, by the end of the century it had largely been replaced, among the chivalry, by sophisticated assemblages of exceptionally produced and articulated plate armour. They are commonly divided into three distinct periods: Edwardian (1337-1360), Caroline (1369-1380), and Lancastrian (1415-1453).įor much of that long period of conflict, punctuated by two extended phases of relative peace, combat was typically waged by classic forms of feudal armies.Įnglish and French forces were dominated by heavy cavalry, which was comprised, of course, of the nobility and their retainers. ![]() The Hundred Years War was, in actuality, a series of wars. Late medieval warfare in Europe The horse One in particular would change forever the complexion of armed conflict in the Western world, and indeed that of future conflicts worldwide. Others concerned technological innovation. Some changes were contingent on resources and manpower, and affected the methods by which armies were raised and equipped. ![]() Few imagined that the conflict now beginning would persist for more than a century.ĭuring that time, the art of war changed radically: the organisation, equipment, and employment of armies would be very different in its final stages. Royal prestige was at stake, and armed conflict became inevitable. The French feudal elite rejected him out of hand, and Philip, Count of Valois, was quickly anointed King Philip VI.Īnimosity intensified when Philip confiscated lands on the continent considered by Edward to be English possessions. When French king Charles IV died without issue in 1328, his English nephew Edward III saw an opportunity to assume control of the French throne and asserted his claim. Cannon in action during a 15th-century siege.
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